What nap times reveal about your child's brain development

The research team say that reducing naps for these children will not improve brain development, and that they should be allowed to nap as frequently and for as long as they need.

Lead researcher Dr. Teodora Gliga said: "There is a lot of parental anxiety around sleep. Parents worry that their kids don't nap as much as expected for their age -- or nap too frequently and for too long.

"But our research shows that how frequently a child naps reflects their individual cognitive need. Some are more efficient at consolidating information during sleep, so they nap less frequently.

"Children with smaller vocabularies or a lower score in a measure of executive function, nap more frequently.

"Young children will naturally nap for as long as they need and they should be allowed to do just that," she added.

The research team studied 463 infants aged between eight months and three years during lockdown in 2020.

Parents were surveyed about their children's sleep patterns, their ability to focus on a task, keep information in their memory, and the number of words that they understood and could say.

They also asked parents about their socio-economic status -- including their postcode, income, and education -- and about the amount of screen time and outdoors activities their child engaged in.

Dr. Gliga said: "Lockdown gave us an opportunity to study children's intrinsic sleep needs because when children are in childcare, they rarely nap as much as they need to.

"Because nurseries were closed, it meant less disturbance to the children's natural sleep patterns. None of the children taking part were attending day care.

"What we found is that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development.

"Infants with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had smaller vocabularies, and worse cognitive function.

"We also found that this negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps was stronger in older children," she added.

"While the majority of parents told us that their child's sleep was unaffected by lockdown, parents from lower socio-economic backgrounds were more likely to report a worsening in sleep.

"Screen time increased during lockdown and outdoor activities decreased but these did not explain differences in children's sleep.

"Previous work suggested that caregivers should encourage frequent naps, in pre-school children.

"Our findings suggest that children have different sleep needs -- some children may drop naps earlier because they don't need them anymore. Others may still need to nap past three years of age."

"In the UK, preschools enrolling three to five-year-olds have no provisions for napping. Caregivers should use a child's mental age and not chronological age to ascertain a child's sleep needs," she added.

The study was led by UEA in collaboration with researchers at the University of Oxford, Oxford Brookes University, the University of Leeds and the University of Warwick. It was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).

'More frequent naps are associated with lower cognitive development in a cohort of 8 to 38- month-old children, during the Covid-19 pandemic' is published in the journal JCPP Advances.